#Negative reinforcement examples in substance abuse manual
Within this classification, the manual defines substance use disorder as a “…cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems.” Common features of these disorders are cognitive, affective, sleep, and behavioral changes that center on use or cessation of use of the addictive substance or action (sometimes referred to as a habit). It should be noted that addiction per se is not a diagnosis recommended in the manual, as the term substance use disorder is preferred. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), covers substance-related and addictive disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the neural mechanisms that contribute to prolonged and maladaptive drug use. In addition, excessive use of drugs may lead to health and psychological problems even in the absence of an agreed-upon definition of use disorders. Drugs of abuse with harmful effects are the main focus of the present discussion. Drug use disorders also share many features in common with disorders related to natural biological drives (e.g., sex and food consumption), physical activities (e.g., excessive exercise), and relatively benign drugs (e.g., caffeine) (discussed in Brunton et al. We then consider the mechanisms through which drugs of abuse interact with the brain systems that promote maladaptive drug use and addiction.ĭrug use disorders have been defined in several different ways, most of which stress the habitual or compulsive nature of addictive behavior the physical, psychological, and social damage produced by the behavior and the trauma associated with cessation of the behavior. This chapter deals mostly with the latter aspect of drug use, abuse, and addiction, as we explore the ways in which the brain is built to adapt to environmental circumstances, and how these aspects of neural function can promote the continued use and abuse of certain drugs and ultimately promote disorders related to these drugs. Drug use disorders involve a number of factors including genetic and environmentally influenced predispositions, the actions of the drugs themselves, the immediate environment, and the neurobiological mechanisms that promote and support drug actions and addiction.
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